Chapter 22
Chapter 22
In Africa, countries began to overthrow their European rule. After getting independence, these countries had to deal with divisions in their population, building the economy and stabilizing politics.
Toward Freedom
During the twentieth century, many empires fell after the world wars and when Africa and Asia fought for their independence. Empires began to fall after the wars which weakened Europe and discredited their moral superiority. The United Nations allowed countries to speak out against colonial rule. Veterans, educated people and workers who were being exploited put pressure on colonial rule. Europeans began to change relationship with their colonies so that they could still gain profit but without colonial governments. This was done through elections, writing constitutions and building railroads and ports.
Comparing Freedom Struggles
In India, Gandhi began leading protests against the British after experiencing racial segregation in South Africa. He rose up to leadership in the Congress Party and gained a huge following in part due to his nonviolent approach, working to help the lower class and mobilizing women. The Muslim and Hindu population were divided in India so when India became independent, the Muslim Pakistan organized itself into a separate country. In South Africa, the white minority was the dominant class while the majority was black. Black Africans worked in mines and farms while apartheid policies kept whites and blacks from mixing. The African National Congress held nonviolent demonstrations but when their political parties were declared illegal, they resorted to armed struggle. International demands to end apartheids resulted in reforms that ended with the election of Nelson Mandela. Violence did break out between those who supported apartheid and ANC supporters.
Experiments with Freedom
Europe influenced countries that were struggling for freedom by giving them democratic institutions. India accepted democracy but Africa didn't retain democracy as military coups arose and the economy didn't do so well. In Latin America, population growth, class disputes, and poverty led to military takeovers of the rich and powerful. In some countries, once leaders were elected, they became authoritarian or elections were rigged. Many people expected state authorities to improve their economy but later on, people began to rely on the market to help their situation. In developing countries in Latin America, they sought to make their own raw materials and goods to end reliance on others. In East Asia, countries specialized in one product for export leading to economic growth. In Africa and parts of the Middle East and Asia, there was little sign of catching up with the rest of the world. In Turkey, people took in European traditions and abandoned Islam in the public life. In Iran, Western influence angered merchants and religious leaders leading to a political and cultural revolution. Islamization began in Iran and the country sought to spread it influence to other Islamic regimes.
In Africa, countries began to overthrow their European rule. After getting independence, these countries had to deal with divisions in their population, building the economy and stabilizing politics.
Toward Freedom
During the twentieth century, many empires fell after the world wars and when Africa and Asia fought for their independence. Empires began to fall after the wars which weakened Europe and discredited their moral superiority. The United Nations allowed countries to speak out against colonial rule. Veterans, educated people and workers who were being exploited put pressure on colonial rule. Europeans began to change relationship with their colonies so that they could still gain profit but without colonial governments. This was done through elections, writing constitutions and building railroads and ports.
Comparing Freedom Struggles
In India, Gandhi began leading protests against the British after experiencing racial segregation in South Africa. He rose up to leadership in the Congress Party and gained a huge following in part due to his nonviolent approach, working to help the lower class and mobilizing women. The Muslim and Hindu population were divided in India so when India became independent, the Muslim Pakistan organized itself into a separate country. In South Africa, the white minority was the dominant class while the majority was black. Black Africans worked in mines and farms while apartheid policies kept whites and blacks from mixing. The African National Congress held nonviolent demonstrations but when their political parties were declared illegal, they resorted to armed struggle. International demands to end apartheids resulted in reforms that ended with the election of Nelson Mandela. Violence did break out between those who supported apartheid and ANC supporters.
Experiments with Freedom
Europe influenced countries that were struggling for freedom by giving them democratic institutions. India accepted democracy but Africa didn't retain democracy as military coups arose and the economy didn't do so well. In Latin America, population growth, class disputes, and poverty led to military takeovers of the rich and powerful. In some countries, once leaders were elected, they became authoritarian or elections were rigged. Many people expected state authorities to improve their economy but later on, people began to rely on the market to help their situation. In developing countries in Latin America, they sought to make their own raw materials and goods to end reliance on others. In East Asia, countries specialized in one product for export leading to economic growth. In Africa and parts of the Middle East and Asia, there was little sign of catching up with the rest of the world. In Turkey, people took in European traditions and abandoned Islam in the public life. In Iran, Western influence angered merchants and religious leaders leading to a political and cultural revolution. Islamization began in Iran and the country sought to spread it influence to other Islamic regimes.
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